Newer variants of ENDS like electronic cigarettes, vaping devices, hookah pens, or vape pens have now flooded the market and all of them contain many toxicants including highly addictive nicotine. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are battery operated non-combustible products, designed for direct nicotine delivery to the lungs.
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) mainly includes chewing tobacco, in the form of loose-leaf, plug or twist, snus, snuff, and dip. Due to non-standardization and heterogeneity in formulation and packaging, a diverse variety of tobacco products both smoking and smokeless, are available in the market. They mainly include tobacco-specific nitrosamines, volatile aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and heavy metals. Tobacco products are found to contain about 4000 toxic chemicals with 36 known carcinogens. 71% of all lung cancer deaths and 42% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 10% of cardiovascular disease are attributable to tobacco use. Low and middle-income countries have 80% of the world's 1.3 billion tobacco users, many of whom are reeling under the heavy burden of tobacco-related illness and death. market).Tobacco is a prime cause of potentially preventable global morbidity and mortality, leading to about 8 million deaths in a year, mainly due to lung and heart diseases. market) showed not only high levels of pH, nicotine, and unprotonated (free) nicotine, but also high concentrations of the strongly carcinogenic TSNAs in comparison with the fourth and fifth best selling moist snuff brands, Hawken and Skoal Bandits (3% of the U.S. snuff brands (Copenhagen, Skoal fine cut, and Kodiak making up 92% of the U.S.
Concentrations (means +/- SD) of nicotine, NNN, NNK, and total TSNAs comparing the two major brand categories are as follows: nicotine-11.6 +/- 1.01 mg/g versus 6.96 +/- 3.62 mg/g (P =. 0001) than the Hawken and Skoal Bandits group. All P values reported are two sided.Ĭopenhagen, Skoal fine cut, and Kodiak as a group had statistically significant higher levels of nicotine (P =. Each 5-g sample of ground, freeze-dried tobacco was extracted twice, and each extract was analyzed twice by GC-TEA. After extraction, N-nitrosamino acids and TSNAs were determined on a gas chromatograph interfaced with a thermal energy analyzer (GC-TEA) and integrator. moist snuff brands were bought in July 1994 from retailers in six areas and transferred immediately to the analytical laboratory. Three boxes of each of the five leading U.S.
Our purpose was threefold: 1) to determine the concentrations of major carcinogenic nicotine-derived N-nitrosamines in each of the five most popular moist snuff brands 2) to analyze the quantitative differences in the various snuff components (e.g., NNN) between two major brand categories: a category comprising the brands known to have high levels of unprotonated nicotine (Copenhagen, Skoal fine cut, and Kodiak) versus a category comprising the brands known to have low levels (Hawken and Skoal Bandits) and 3) to compare the differences in the concentrations of nicotine (previously determined), NNN, NNK, and total TSNAs between these two major brand categories. Whether concentrations of major carcinogens, such as the nicotine-derived tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), like N'-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), also vary among these brands has not been determined previously. It is known from previous studies that levels of nicotine and the proportion of unprotonated (free) nicotine, as well as the pH, which affects nicotine delivery, vary considerably among the leading snuff brands. Moist snuff is the only tobacco product in the United States with increasing sales (an increase of 38.4% between 19) and with increased consumption, primarily by male adolescents aged 12-18 years old and young adults aged 19 years old or older.